About Gladiolus

For other uses, see Gladiolus (disambiguation).
Gladiolus
Gladiolus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Ixioideae
Tribe: Ixieae
Genus: Gladiolus
L.
Type species
Gladiolus communis
L.
Species

About 260, see text

Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword) is a genus of perennial bulbous flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae).[1] Sometimes called the sword lily, the most widely used English common name for these plants is simply gladiolus (plural gladioli, gladioluses or sometimes gladiolas).

The genus is distributed in Mediterranean Europe, Asia, Tropical Africa and South Africa. The center of diversity of the genus is located in the Cape Floristic Region, where most species were discovered.[2] The genera Oenostachys, Homoglossum, Anomalesia and Acidanthera, traditionally considered independent entities, currently are included in Gladiolus.[3]
Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Species
* 3 Cultivation
* 4 In culture
* 5 References
* 6 External links
* 7 Bibliography

[edit] Description

The genus Gladiolus contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to sub-Saharan Africa, mostly South Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of Gladiolus endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The flowers of unmodified wild species vary from very small to perhaps 40 mm across, and inflorescences bearing anything from one to several flowers. The spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce are the products of centuries of hybridisation, selection, and perhaps more drastic manipulation.

These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate climates. They grow from rounded, symmetrical corms, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.

Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.

The fragrant flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery, green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.

The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules, containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds. In their center must be noticeable the specific pellet like structure which is the real seed without the fine coat. In some seeds this structure is wrinkled and with black color. These seeds are unable to germinate.

These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.

The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthrophorine bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and sphingid moths, long-tongued flies and several others. In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolas can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, They are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum which usually pollinates many popular garden flowers like Petunia, Zinnia, Dianthus and others.

Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Large Yellow Underwing.

Gladioli have been extensively hybridized and a wide range of ornamental flower colours are available from the many varieties. The main hybrid groups have been obtained by crossing between four or five species, followed by selection: Grandiflorus, Primulines and Nanus. They make very good cut flowers. However, due to their height, the cultivated forms frequently tend to fall over in the wind if left on the plant.

The majority of the species in this genus are diploids with 30 chromosomes but the Grandiflora hybrids are tetraploids and possess 60 chromosomes. It's because the main parental species of these hybrids is Gladiolus dalenii which is also tetraploid and includes a wide range of varieties (like the Grandiflora hybrids).
[edit] Species
Gladiolus alatus, Clanwilliam, RSA
Gladiolus cardinalis
from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1790
Waved-flowered Gladiolus (Gladiolus undulatus)
from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1801
Gladiolus hybrid, Grandiflorus group
Gladiolus dalenii
A Gladiolus hybrid
Gladiolus imbricatus

The genus Gladiolus has been divided in to many sections. Where possible, the sections have been indicated. Most species, however, are only tentatively placed.

* Gladiolus abbreviatus Andrews
* Gladiolus acuminatus F.Bol.
* Gladiolus aequinoctialis Herb.
* Gladiolus alatus L. (sect. Hebea)
* Gladiolus aleppicus Boiss. var. aleppicus
* Gladiolus anatolicus
* Gladiolus andringitrae Goldblatt
* Gladiolus angustus L. (sect. Blandus) : Long-tubed Painted Lady
* Gladiolus antandroyi Goldblatt
* Gladiolus antholyzoides Baker
* Gladiolus appendiculatus G.Lewis
* Gladiolus aquamontanus Goldblatt & Vlok
* Gladiolus arcuatus Klatt
* Gladiolus atropurpureus Baker
* Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss.
* Gladiolus aurantiacus Klatt
* Gladiolus aureus Baker : Golden Gladiolus
* Gladiolus bellus C. H. Wright
* Gladiolus benguellensis Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
* Gladiolus bilineatus G. J. Lewis
* Gladiolus boehmii Vaupel (1882)
* Gladiolus bojeri (Baker) Goldblatt
* Gladiolus brachylimbus Baker (1893)
* Gladiolus brachyphyllus F. Bolus or Bolus f.
* Gladiolus brevifolius Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius)
* Gladiolus brevitubus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus buckerveldii (L. Bolus) Goldblatt
* Gladiolus bullatus Thunb. ex G. Lewis : Caledon Bluebell
* Gladiolus caeruleus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus calcaratus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus calcicola Goldblatt
* Gladiolus callianthus Mosais : Abyssinian Gladiolus
* Gladiolus canaliculatus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus candidus (Rendle) Goldblatt
* Gladiolus cardinalis Curtis (sect. Blandus)
* Gladiolus carinatus Aiton
* Gladiolus carmineus C. H. Wright (sect. Blandus) : Cliff Lily
* Gladiolus carneus (sect. Blandus) : Large Painted Lady
* Gladiolus caryophyllaceus (Burm. f.) Poiret
* Gladiolus cataractarum Oberm.
* Gladiolus caucasicus Herb.
* Gladiolus ceresianus L. Bolus
* Gladiolus citrinus Klatt
* Gladiolus x colvillei : Colville's Gladiolus
* Gladiolus communis L. (sect. Gladiolus) : Cornflag (type species)
o Gladiolus communis subsp. byzantinus (sect. Gladiolus) - Whistling Jack, Eastern Gladiolus
o Gladiolus communis subsp. communis (sect. Gladiolus)
* Gladiolus conrathii Baker (1898)
* Gladiolus crassifolius Baker
* Gladiolus crispulatus L. Bolus
* Gladiolus cruentus T. Moore (sect. Ophiolyza)
* Gladiolus curtifolius Marais
* Gladiolus cuspidatus
* Gladiolus cylindraceus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus cymbarius Baker
* Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel (sect. Ophiolyza)
* Gladiolus debilis Ker Gawler (sect. Homoglossum) : Small Painted Lady
* Gladiolus decaryi Goldblatt
* Gladiolus decipiens Vaupel
* Gladiolus decoratus Baker
* Gladiolus delpierrei Goldblatt
* Gladiolus densiflorus Baker
* Gladiolus deserticolus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus dolomiticus Oberm.
* Gladiolus dracocephalus Hook.f.
* Gladiolus dregei Klatt
* Gladiolus dubius
* Gladiolus dzavakheticus
* Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm.
* Gladiolus edulis Burchell ex Ker Gawler
* Gladiolus elliotii Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
* Gladiolus emiliae L. Bolus
* Gladiolus engysiphon G. Lewis
* Gladiolus equitans Thunb. (sect. Hebea)
* Gladiolus erectiflorus Baker
* Gladiolus exiguus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus flanaganii Baker : : Suicide Gladiolus
* Gladiolus floribundus Jacq.
* Gladiolus fourcadei (L. Bolus) Goldblatt & De Vos
* Gladiolus ×gandavensis (sect. Ophiolyza) [= G. dalenii × 'G. oppositiflorus]
* Gladiolus garnierii Klatt
* Gladiolus geardii L. Bolus
* Gladiolus goetzii Harms
* Gladiolus gracilis Jacq. (sect. Homoglossum) : Reed Bells
* Gladiolus gracillimus Baker
* Gladiolus grandiflorus (sect. Blandus)
* Gladiolus gregarius Welw. ex Baker (sect. Densiflorus)
* Gladiolus griseus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus gueinzii Kunze
* Gladiolus guthriei F. Bol. (sect. Linearifolius)
* Gladiolus halophilus Boiss. & Heldr.
* Gladiolus harmsianus Vaupel
* Gladiolus heterolobus Vaupel
* Gladiolus hirsutus Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius) : Small Pink Afrikaner
* Gladiolus hollandii L. Bolus
* Gladiolus horombensis Goldblatt
* Gladiolus huillensis (Welw. ex Baker) Goldblatt
* Gladiolus hyalinus Jacq.
* Gladiolus illyricus W.D.J.Koch - Wild Gladiolus
* Gladiolus imbricatus L.
* Gladiolus inandensis Baker
* Gladiolus incospicuus Baker
* Gladiolus inflatus Thunb.
* Gladiolus inflexus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus insolens Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus intonsus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus invenustus G. J. Lewis
* Gladiolus involutus (sect. Hebea)
* Gladiolus iroensis (A. Chev.) Marais
* Gladiolus italicus P. Mill. (sect. Gladiolus) - Italian Gladiolus, Cornflag
* Gladiolus johnstoni Baker (s. d.)
* Gladiolus jonquilliodorus Ecklon ex G. Lewis
* Gladiolus junodi Baker
* Gladiolus kamiesbergensis G. Lewis
* Gladiolus karendensis Baker
* Gladiolus katubensis De Wild.
* Gladiolus klattianus Hutch.
* Gladiolus kotschyanus Boiss.
* Gladiolus kubangensis Harms
* Gladiolus lapeirousioides Goldblatt
* Gladiolus laxiflorus Baker
* Gladiolus lemoinei
* Gladiolus leptosiphon Bolus f.
* Gladiolus liliaceus Houtt. (sect. Homoglossum)
* Gladiolus linearifolius Vaupel
* Gladiolus linearis N.E.Br.
* Gladiolus longanus Harms
* Gladiolus longicollis Baker (sect. Homoglossum)
o Gladiolus longicollis subsp. longicollis (sect. Homoglossum)
o Gladiolus longicollis subsp. platypetalus (sect. Homoglossum)
* Gladiolus loteniensis Hilliard & Burtt
* Gladiolus louiseae L. Bolus
* Gladiolus lundaensis Goldblatt
* Gladiolus luteus Lam.
* Gladiolus lyalinus
* Gladiolus macneilii Oberm.
* Gladiolus macowani Baker
* Gladiolus macowanii Baker (s. d.)
* Gladiolus macrospathus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus maculatus Sweet
* Gladiolus magnificus (Harms) Goldblatt
* Gladiolus malangensis Baker (1879)
* Gladiolus malvinus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus marlothii G. Lewis
* Gladiolus martleyi L. Bolus (sect. Homoglossum)
* Gladiolus meliusculus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus melleri Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
* Gladiolus micranthus Baker (1901)
* Gladiolus microcarpus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus microsiphon Baker
* Gladiolus milleri Ker Gawler
* Gladiolus mirus Vaupel
* Gladiolus monticola G. Lewis ex Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus mortonius (sect. Densiflorus)
* Gladiolus mostertiae L. Bolus
* Gladiolus muenzneri F. Vaup
* Gladiolus murielae (sect. Acidanthera)
* Gladiolus natalensis (Eckl.) Hook.
* Gladiolus nerineoides G. Lewis
* Gladiolus newii Baker
* Gladiolus nigromontanus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus niveus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus nyasicus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus oatesii Rolfe
* Gladiolus ochroleucus Baker (sect. Densiflorus)
* Gladiolus odoratus L. Bolus
* Gladiolus oliganthus Baker
* Gladiolus oppositiflorus Herbert (sect. Ophiolyza)
* Gladiolus orchidiflorus Andrews (sect. Hebea)
* Gladiolus oreocharis Schltr.
* Gladiolus pallidus Baker
* Gladiolus paludosus Baker
* Gladiolus palustris : Marsh Gladiolus
* Gladiolus papilio Hook. f. (sect. Densiflorus) : Goldblotch Gladiolus
* Gladiolus pappei Baker (sect. Blandus)
* Gladiolus pardalinus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus parvulus Schltr.
* Gladiolus patersoniae F. Bolus or Bolus f.
* Gladiolus pavonia Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus permeabilis Delaroche (sect. Hebea)
* Gladiolus perrieri Goldblatt
* Gladiolus persicus Boiss.
* Gladiolus pillansii G. Lewis
* Gladiolus pole-evansii Verd.
* Gladiolus praecostatus
* Gladiolus praelongitubus G. J. Lewis
* Gladiolus pretoriensis Kuntze
* Gladiolus priorii (N. E. Br.) Goldblatt & De Vos
* Gladiolus prismatosiphon Schltr.
* Gladiolus pritzelii Diels
* Gladiolus psittacinus Hook.
* Gladiolus puberulus Vaupel
* Gladiolus pubigerus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus pulchellus Klatt
* Gladiolus pulcherrimus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus punctulatus Schrank
* Gladiolus pusillus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus quadrangularis (Burm. f.) Ker Gawler
* Gladiolus quadrangulus (Delaroche) Barnard
* Gladiolus ramosus
* Gladiolus recurvus (sect. Homoglossum)
* Gladiolus rehmannii Baker
* Gladiolus remotifolius Baker
* Gladiolus rigidifolius Baker
* Gladiolus robertsoniae F. Bolus or Bolus f.
* Gladiolus rogersii Baker
* Gladiolus roseovenosus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus rubellus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus rudis Lichtst. ex Roem. & Schult.
* Gladiolus rupicola F. Vaupel
* Gladiolus saccatus (Klatt) Goldblatt & M.P. de Vos
* Gladiolus salteri G. Lewis
* Gladiolus saundersii Hook. f. : Saunders' Gladiolus, Lesotho Lily
* Gladiolus schlechteri Baker
* Gladiolus schweinfurthii Baker
* Gladiolus scullyi Baker
* Gladiolus serapiiflorus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus serenjensis Goldblatt
* Gladiolus sericeovillosus Hook. f.
* Gladiolus serpenticola Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus somalensis Goldblatt & Thulin
* Gladiolus speciosus Thunb.
* Gladiolus spectabilis Baker (s. d.)
* Gladiolus splendens ((Sweet)) Herbert
* Gladiolus stefaniae Oberm.
* Gladiolus stellatus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus subcaeruleus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus sufflavus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
* Gladiolus sulcatus Goldblatt
* Gladiolus taubertianus Schltr.
* Gladiolus tenellus Ecklon
* Gladiolus tenuis M. Bieb.
* Gladiolus teretifolius Goldblatt & De Vos
* Gladiolus thomsonii Baker
* Gladiolus trichonemifolius (sect. Homoglossum)
* Gladiolus tristis (sect. Homoglossum)
o Gladiolus tristis var. concolor (Salisb.) Baker : Ever-flowering Gladiolus
* Gladiolus tritoniaeformis
* Gladiolus tritoniiformis Kuntze
* Gladiolus uitenhagensis Goldblatt & Vlok
* Gladiolus undulatus L. (sect. Blandus) : Waved-flowered Gladiolus
* Gladiolus unguiculatus Baker
* Gladiolus usambarensis Marais ex Goldblatt
* Gladiolus uysiae L. Bolus ex G. Lewis
* Gladiolus vaginatus F. Bolus or Bolus f. (sect. Homoglossum)
* Gladiolus validissimus Vaupel
* Gladiolus vandermerwei (L. Bolus) Goldblatt & De Vos
* Gladiolus varius F. Bolus or Bolus f.
* Gladiolus velutinus De Wild.
* Gladiolus venustus G. Lewis (sect. Hebea)
* Gladiolus vernus Oberm.
* Gladiolus vinoso-maculatus Kies
* Gladiolus violaceo-lineatus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus virescens Thunb. (sect. Hebea)
* Gladiolus viridiflorus G. Lewis
* Gladiolus viridis Aiton
* Gladiolus watermeyeri (sect. Hebea)
* Gladiolus watsonioides Baker
* Gladiolus watsonius Thunb. (sect. Homoglossum)
* Gladiolus woodii Baker
* Gladiolus zimbabweensis Goldblatt

[edit] Cultivation

In temperate zones, the corms of most species and hybrids should be lifted in autumn and stored over winter in a frost-free place, then replanted in spring. Some species from Europe and high altitudes in Africa, as well as the small 'Nanus' hybrids, are much hardier (to at least -15°F/-26°C) and can be left in the ground in regions with sufficiently dry winters. Plants are propagated either from small cormlets produced as offsets by the parent corms, or from seed; in either case, they take several years to get to flowering size. Clumps should be dug up and divided every few years to keep them vigorous.

A popular 'Nanus' cultivar is Atom.
[edit] In culture

About Gerbera Flower

See also: Common Daisy
Gerbera
Close up of a white gerbera
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Mutisioideae
Tribe: Mutisieae
Genus: Gerbera

Gerbera (play /ˈdʒɜrbərə/ or /ˈɡɜrbərə/)[1] L. is a genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family (Asteraceae). It was named in honour of the German botanist and naturalist Traugott Gerber († 1743) who travelled extensively in Russia and was a friend of Carolus Linnaeus.[2]

It has approximately 30 species in the wild, extending to South America, Africa and tropical Asia. The first scientific description of a Gerbera was made by J.D. Hooker in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1889 when he described Gerbera jamesonii, a South African species also known as Transvaal daisy or Barberton Daisy. Gerbera is also commonly known as the African Daisy.

Gerbera species bear a large capitulum with striking, two-lipped ray florets in yellow, orange, white, pink or red colours. The capitulum, which has the appearance of a single flower, is actually composed of hundreds of individual flowers. The morphology of the flowers varies depending on their position in the capitulum. The flower heads can be as small as 7 cm (Gerbera mini 'Harley') in diameter or up to 12 cm (Gerbera ‘Golden Serena’).

Gerbera is very popular and widely used as a decorative garden plant or as cut flowers. The domesticated cultivars are mostly a result of a cross between Gerbera jamesonii and another South African species Gerbera viridifolia. The cross is known as Gerbera hybrida. Thousands of cultivars exist. They vary greatly in shape and size. Colours include white, yellow, orange, red, and pink. The centre of the flower is sometimes black. Often the same flower can have petals of several different colours.

Gerbera is also important commercially. It is the fifth most used cut flower in the world (after rose, carnation, chrysanthemum, and tulip).[citation needed] It is also used as a model organism in studying flower formation. Gerbera contains naturally occurring coumarin derivatives. Gerbera is a tender annual plant. It is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds, but resistant to deer.[3]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Gallery
* 2 Species
* 3 References
* 4 External links

[edit] Gallery

*
Gerbera-daisy.JPG
*
Gerbera03.JPG
*
Big yellow.jpg
*
Gerbera2.jpg
*
Yellow gerberas.JPG
*

Barberton daisy (Gerbera jamesonii)
*
Gerbera.JPG
*
Orange Gerbera Daisy.jpg

[edit] Species

* Gerbera aberdarica
* Gerbera abyssinica
* Gerbera ambigua
* Gerbera anandria : Ghostly Daisy
o Gerbera anandria var. anandria
o Gerbera anandria var. densiloba
o Gerbera anandria var. integripetala
o Gerberia anadria var. bonatiana
* Gerbera aspleniifolia
* Gerbera aurantiaca : Hilton Daisy
* Gerbera bojeri
* Gerbera bonatiana
* Gerbera bracteata
* Gerbera brevipes
* Gerbera burchellii
* Gerbera burmanni
* Gerbera candollei
* Gerbera cavaleriei
* Gerbera chilensis
* Gerbera cineraria
* Gerbera connata
* Gerbera conrathii
* Gerbera cordata
* Gerbera coronopifolia
* Gerbera curvisquama
* Gerbera delavayi
* Gerbera discolor
* Gerbera diversifolia
* Gerbera elegans
* Gerbera elliptica
* Gerbera emirnensis
* Gerbera ferruginea
* Gerbera flava
* Gerbera galpinii
* Gerbera glandulosa
* Gerbera henryi
* Gerbera hieracioides
* Gerbera hirsuta
* Gerbera hypochaeridoides
* Gerbera integralis
* Gerbera integripetala
* Gerbera jamesonii : Barberton Daisy, Gerbera Daisy, Transvaal Daisy
* Gerbera knorringiana
* Gerbera kokanica
* Gerbera kraussii
* Gerbera kunzeana
* Gerbera lacei
* Gerbera lagascae
* Gerbera lanuginosa
* Gerbera lasiopus
* Gerbera latiligulata
* Gerbera leandrii
* Gerbera leiocarpa
* Gerbera leucothrix
* Gerbera lijiangensis
* Gerbera lynchii
* Gerbera macrocephala
* Gerbera nepalensis
* Gerbera nervosa
* Gerbera nivea
* Gerbera parva
* Gerbera peregrina
* Gerbera perrieri
* Gerbera petasitifolia
* Gerbera piloselloides
* Gerbera plantaginea
* Gerbera plicata
* Gerbera podophylla
* Gerbera pterodonta
* Gerbera pulvinata
* Gerbera pumila
* Gerbera randii
* Gerbera raphanifolia
* Gerbera ruficoma
* Gerbera saxatilis
* Gerbera semifloscularis
* Gerbera serotina
* Gerbera speciosa
* Gerbera tanantii
* Gerbera tomentosa
* Gerbera tuberosa
* Gerbera uncinata
* Gerbera viridifolia
* Gerbera welwitschii
* Gerbera wrightii

About Flower {Dahlia}

For other uses, see Dahlia (disambiguation).
Dahlia
Dahlia x hybrida
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Coreopsideae[1]
Genus: Dahlia
Cav.
Species

30 species, 20,000 cultivars
Synonyms

Georgina Willd.[2]

Dahlia is a genus of bushy, tuberous, perennial plants native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. There are at least 36 species of dahlia, some like D. imperialis up to 10 metres tall.[3] Dahlia hybrids are commonly grown as garden plants. The Aztecs gathered and cultivated the dahlia for food, ceremonies, as well as decorative purposes,[4] and the long woody stem of one variety was used for small pipes.

Dahlias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades, Common Swift, Ghost Moth and Large Yellow Underwing.

The dahlia is named after Swedish 18th-century botanist Anders Dahl.[5] In German the dahlia was known during most of the 19th century as Georgia, being named after the naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi of St. Petersburg, Russia.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 History
* 2 Species
* 3 Cultivation
* 4 Judged shows
* 5 Other names
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

[edit] History
Illustration of a dahlia

Francisco Hernández visited Mexico in 1615 and noticed two spectacular varieties of dahlias, which he mentioned in his account of medicinal plants of New Spain, not published until 1651.[6] The French botanist Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville, sent to Mexico to steal the cochineal insect valued for its scarlet dye, noted the strangely beautiful flowers he had seen in his official report, published in 1787.[7] Seeds sent from the botanical garden of Mexico City[8] to Madrid flowered for the first time in the botanical garden in October 1789, and were named Dahlia coccinea by Antonio José Cavanilles, the head of the Madrid Botanical Garden, in his Icones plantarum, 1791. A few seeds were secured by Lord Bute and sent to England, where they flowered but were lost.

The introduction of the dahlia to the florists of the Netherlands was effected about the same time, when a box of dahlia roots was sent from Mexico to the Netherlands. Only one plant survived the trip, but produced spectacular red flowers with pointed petals. Nurserymen in Europe crossbred from this plant, which was named Dahlia juarezii, with parents of dahlias discovered earlier: these are the progenitors of all modern dahlia hybrids. The Jardin des plantes in Paris received dahlias in 1802, again from Madrid.[9] A second species, D. variabilis, was at last successfully grown in 1804 by the gardener at Holland House, Kensington, of Lady Holland, who sent the seeds from Madrid. An early breeder of dahlias was comte Léon-Charles LeLieur de Ville-sur-Arce, intendant of the château de Saint-Cloud, its glasshouses and gardens, who had four varieties to work with,[10] and by 1806 had produced three double-flowered dahlias.

Since 1813, commercial plant breeders have been breeding dahlias to produce thousands of cultivars, usually chosen for their stunning and brightly coloured waxy flowers. Dahlia was named the national flower of Mexico in 1963.[11] Dahlia plants range in height from as low as 12 in (30 cm) to as tall as 6–8 ft (1.8–2.4 m). The flower heads can be as small as 2 in (5.1 cm) in diameter or up to 1 ft (30 cm) ("dinner plate"). The great variety results from dahlias being octoploids (they have eight sets of homologous chromosomes, whereas most plants have only two).
[edit] Species

* D. apiculata
* D. atropurpurea
* D. australis
* D. barkeriae
* D. brevis
* D. campanulata
* D. cardiophylla
* D. coccinea
* D. cuspidata
* D. dissecta
* D. excelsa
* D. foeniculifolia
* D. hjertingii
* D. hybrid cultivar
* D. imperialis
* D. linearis
* D. macdougallii
* D. merckii
* D. mollis
* D. neglecta
* D. parvibracteata
* D. pinnata
* D. pteropoda
* D. rudis
* D. rupicola
* D. scapigera
* D. scapigeroides
* D. sherffii
* D. sorensenii
* D. spectabilis
* D. sublignosa
* D. tenuicaulis
* D. tenuis
* D. tubulata
* D. variabilis

[edit] Cultivation

Dahlias grow naturally in climates which do not experience frost, consequently they are not adapted to withstand sub-zero temperatures. However their tuberous nature enables them to survive periods of dormancy, and this characteristic means that gardeners in temperate climates with frosts can grow dahlias successfully, provided the tubers are lifted from the ground and stored in cool yet frost-free conditions during the winter. Planting the tubers quite deep (10 – 15 cm) also provides some protection. When in active growth, modern dahlia hybrids perform most successfully in well-watered yet free-draining soils, in situations receiving plenty of sunlight. Taller cultivars usually require some form of staking as they grow, and all garden dahlias need deadheading regularly, once flowering commences. Slugs and snails are serious pests in some parts of the world, particularly in spring when new growth is emerging through the soil. Earwigs can also disfigure the blooms. The other main pests likely to be encountered are aphids (usually on young stems and immature flower buds), red spider mite (cause foliage mottling and discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions) and capsid bugs (result in contortion and holes at growing tips). Diseases which may be found affecting dahlias include powdery mildew, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), verticillium wilt, dahlia smut (Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae), phytophthora and some plant viruses.
[edit] Judged shows

Dahlias are often grown for judged shows. Awards are given for best in class and best in show. Traditionally, dahlias grown for shows have used intensive application of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers. More recently, however, competitive dahlia growers have used organic methods with equally good results.[12]
[edit]

Pahilo din, Lamjung ma!

Jaba ma 067/10/05 ma Sundarbazar,Lamjung janako lagi ghar bata micro ma Dumre samma aaipugeko thiye, jhattta yauta bus ma Sundarbazar lekheko dekhe and ma ani dad hattapatt busma basyo. Bus vari sabai Gurung, Magar samuday ka man6e matrai ani tini haru bolne vasa sunda ta jhan achchamma lagyo, ki ma arkai desh ma puge6u ki kya ho?
...
Narrow way, oneway jasto, 33 km jati bato hidna lagvag 2 hr. lagyo, __
___
Sunarbazar campus gate ma, "INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE" lekheko dekhe, ma jod jod le last sit batai karaye, "OH DAI ROKNUS ROKNUS!"
..."dai 6t ma mero jhola 6 ni"
maile vanepa6i, khalasi mora le 6t batai jhola road mai milkaidiyo, malai last ris uthera aako thyo bt k garne sabai new and naulo sansar, Sundarbazar pani Switzerland jasto lagdai thiyo, k garne sabai naulo vayepa6i.
..
Dialing... Calling calling calling ...
..>fon uthe6
Hello! Aawaj aayo!
Maile vane: oh Sunny timi kata ho, ma campus gatema 6u yar!
Sunny: a ho! Hami keta haru gate tirai aaudai 6au, ani Rampur ma veteko Santosh Pathak pani 6 yar,
..A Ho ra? Maile vane_
pa6i campus najikai room ma gayepa6i, jhan jhurr lagyo, kinaki sano ani dark, hatteri kasto rum ho yar, kasari basne yesto ma? Jhola haru milauna napaudai tala bata ko karayo..OYE keta ho nasta khana jane hoina, jam na yar 6ito!
Jam Arjun nasta khana, ani hamro rum ko chabi pani kinna 6 ni, sunny le vanyo.
Maile hun6a vane ani, bokirakheko bag pani rum ma narakhi nasta khana lagiyo,
..jada jadai keta haru le khai kas kas lai ho chinaudai thiye bt maile kasai lai chinna sakina, khali, hello mero nam arjun matrai vanneko samjhan6u.
Hotel thiyo, JERI PURI, nasta khaiyo, samosa tarkari.
Nasta khayepa6i, nam nai nasuneko garden rock garden jane nidho vo,
2/4 jana keta haru agadi keti haru sanga last joke mardai n impress gardai dekhinthe, rock garden pugepa6i hereko ta, khasai kehi pani dekhiyena, 2/4 rock ma basera foto khichyo Santos pathak le, ani facebook ma rakhne hai vandai thiye khai ko ko ho!
Maile tyetibela chineka keta sathi haru:
1. Sunny kr
2. Santosh Pathak
3. Santosh Kalauni
4. Dipendra Dhakal
5. Narayan Kadel
6. Bishnu pd Ghimire
>>>hami lai guide ko rup ma sath dine 2 jana senior ladies and one senior boy thye. Farkepa6i rati 11:30 samma nasuti joke vanne n aafno aafno back ground vanne gardai basda Rati G_vai aayera hami last darako ghatana tajai 6. Pa6i santosh ra maile Narayan n Kalauni ko dhokama gayera, "oh keta ho, hami yeha ko local keta ho, Churot khanalai salai chahiyeko 6 le ta, knock knock, oye dhoka kholna?" sntosh ra maile voice change garera keta harulai darauna dida last haso lagera khapna naskne vako thyo, -
Voli palta bihan, Hotel Bandipur ma , Local Tomato ko chatni sanga vat khayera, Nepali film, "Bato muniko ful" herna gako ta, tyesai din orientation class rahe6! Campus ko 1st day nai bunk haniyo ani k ramro hunthyo ? Saiet bigre pa6i: ha ha hurry~ Je vayeni IAAS ma bindas hune chance dherai paido rahe6.

effect of Solar Radiation on rice crop

Effect of Solar Radiation on Rice.

=play important role in growth and yield of rice.
=radiation is main source of energy and grain yield is proportional to solar radiation.
=rice plant's most critical period of solar energy requirement is from panicle initiation until about 10 days before maturity.
=the amount of SA received from as early as panicle initiation until crop maturation is important for the accumulation of dry matter during that period.
=the accumulation of starch in the leaves and culms begins about ten days before heading.
=starch accumulates markedly in the grain during the 30 day period following heading.
=most effective parameters of solar radiation are:

A. Sunlight intensity
=higher the solar radiation, greater the yield of rice.
=if more the solar radiation, higher LAI.
=photosynthetic rate depends on solar radiation.
=to produce high yield, solar radiation in the last 30days is most important.
=require solar radiation of 300cal/cm square per day at the reproductive stage

nepali katha

नाता ! (लघुकथा)
केही दिनअघि मैले उसलाई
एकजना आफ्नै उमेरको नातेदारसँग
हिँड्दै गरेको देखेको थिएँ ।
आपसी परिचय नभए पनि मलाई
थाहा थियो कि त्यो अर्को व्यक्त
मैलो कमिज र पुरानो पाइन्ट
लगाएर हिँड्दै
गरेको त्यो व्यक्तिको पहिरनले नै
उसको आर्थिक स्थितिलाई
दर्साइरहेको थियो ।
त्यो अपरिचित व्यक्तिसँग
छुट्टिसकेपछि मैले उसँग
सोधेको थिएँ “…अनि ऊ
तिम्रो भाइ कि दाइ ?”
“दाजु न भाइ, म त
बाऊको एक्लो छोरो तिमीलाई
थहा छैन र …?” उसले
जवा दिएको थियो । “… उ त
मेरो फुपूको छोरा पो हो …” ।
“फुपूको छोरा पनि त दाजुभाइ नै
हुन् नि हैन र ?” ।
मेरो प्रश्नको उसले एकैछिन
रोकिएर जवाफ
दिएको थियो “…अँ…
त्यसरी हेर्दा त भाइ नै पर्छ
क्यारे…” ।
आज पनि मैले उसलाई
बाटोमा एकजना उसकै
उमेरको अपरिचित तर समृद्ध
व्यक्तिसँग हिँड्दै गरेको देखेर सोधेँ
” अनि उ को नि ?” ।
“उँहा मेरो दाइ हो” उसले झट्ट
जबाफ दियो । “हैन तिमी त एक्लै
छोरा हैन र?” मैले सोधेँ । “हो,
तर मामाको छोरा भनेको त आफ्नै
दाइ नै त हो नि …” उसले सटीक
जबाफ दियो ।

ma IAAS ma entry garda dherai sanga vet vayo, jas madhya political fox haru dherai vetinthe, bt malai tyesto kehi pani man naparne. Ma 066 B.S. ma Rampur iaas clg gaye, Mangsir ko jado ma. Malai 1 jana kalo kalo face vayeko keta le bus bata jharne bittikai mero jhola samatdai campus gate vitra lagyo, ma achamma pare 'haina k garya ho yo man6e le, sayad service man ho ki' vanne thane and pa6i gayera usaile mero entrance form fill up gare, n malai basne kotha dekhaidiye. Kotha ko abasta lastai najuk dekhinthyo, jamma 3 khat bt sutnu parne 10 jana re, baba!
Balla balla 2 khat jodera 6/7 jana sutyau, n ghar bata kapada lageko thiyana maile, ratvari jado le khatta vo!
Tyespa6i ma basna nasakine vanne thanera arko din bihan 6 baje nai, kuhiro ma bata khojdai ktm tira lage!
Ani jaba entrance vo-bihan 8am ma baba, jado le hat kamera hairan vako ni, entrance sakera ghar tira lagiyo. Rati result aaye6, mero name thulo vayera listout vaye6. N maile antai padai suru garne nidho gare,
...
...one year later.
Vadra ko mahina thiyo kya sayad jab ma ktm ma Nepal Army join garne sur ma thiye n tyesai bela mero mama le entrance form khule ko jankari dinuvo_ani ma pani antim din vayeko huda arko din saberai Rampur lage n pugepa6i puranai style ma form vare bt yo pali maile mero jhola kasailai pani samatna diena n ma aafai sur gardai thiye. Tyestai bela mero iaas aauda ko 1 yr pahila ko dost vet vo, Santos pathak. And usle malai aafu vayeko room ma lagyo n ma uskai rum ma basna thale bt tyo rum ma pani soche vanda dherai student thiye, maile soche yespali ni name inlist hune vayena, niras hudai thiye, padne man lagekai thiyena tyestai bela, maile ma jstai khattam sathi vete undone n undone, done n done , hero dai, mastr sab etc. Ani Rampurka dinharu sajilai bitna thale, daily joking n canteen ma basne hami haru Rampur ko GYM club and najikai vayeko restura ma jane n mo:mo khane, ani kahile maize field ma gayera maize plant haru herne, makai vachidine, kahile ma6a palne thauma din var hune, n kahile najikai raheko kholso ma ma6a marna aaune ko bal6i magera ma6a marera khana khane 'maiju' ka lagera polna dine. Hami yestai gardai entrance dine din kurdai thiyau,
...
Rat var Bhoot ko kura garera Raju(mastr) le entrance dekhi jhanai dar lagne garauna thalo. ..
..
Entrance ko din thiyo, ma saberai bathroom paseko thiye, bathroom ko dhoka ma 1 hat lamo sarpa pasna khojdai rahe6, maile dekheko thiyena, jhyaaappp dhoka lagauda sarpa chyappiyera marna puge6. Aama ksto dar ani achammma lagya?
Sab jana dahi(curd) khayera saiet nikalera entrance dine hall ma gayau, mero vet. Campus tira pare6. Maile soche astinai pani tyai hall ma xam dida name niskena ra yo pali pani sayad tyestai hune wala thyo. Entrance diyeko rat hami tyetai basyau rat var tas khelne n film herne garera!
>jaba rat ko 11 bajyo result publis vaye6. Malai dar lagdai thyo aba mero 12 bajne vo vanera bt ranking ma ramrai vayeko le, Bsc Ag. Padna paune jasto lagna thalyo. _
___
2068/magh/05 sayad Wednesday thiyo, ma ani mero dad Lamjung, Sundarbazar pugyau. Sara kura haru ulto palto jasto lagyo, khai kina ho?
Magh 6 gate nai campus ma jhagada parera campus 15 din banda hune vo , maile ktm ma xam dine tayari garnu thiyo, thats why aru sabai ghar gayepani ma lamjung mai base, tyo anjan thauma ma eklai, sabai senior student haru ghar tirai thiye, din vari 'BOHORA-HOSTL' ko dark room ma basda basda ma ta 8th day ma Typhoid ko sikar vaye, n pa6i keta haru sabai aauda khusi le majjale hasda hasda mero rog pani niko vaye6. Pa6i weekly nepali film herne ani paudi ma jane, ghumna jane n hostel ko 6t ma basne, khelne, uf f f! Nothing more than that. =>

categories.
1. Political discrimination.
2. Open dating.
3. Tension free five month.
4. Exam fever one month.
5. Local tomato.
6. Rock garden dating.
7. Wild party(birthday and other treat)
8. Sleeping beauty.
9. (lekhna milena) ...to be continue!
*IAAS ma yeuta manis khojirahe6u_ vete pa6i 9 and 10...THANK YOU!